English to Romanian Medical Medical: Instruments

Exemplu de context:

Within this background of the development of shoulder prosthetics, the design of the stem of the humeral component specifically has changed in many aspects: the size and presence of the proximal fin; the surface finish (smoothed, grit-blasted, or porous-coated); the shape of the stem (straight and cylindrical to anatomically contoured); and the type of fixation (cemented to press-fit uncemented). Over time, the humeral stem has become shorter and shorter (Fig. 1), because past studies have suggested, for instance, that short humeral stems allow better and more stable fixation without the need for cement than long humeral stems. In particular, past research has shown that the use of short stems in shoulder arthroplasty is associated with lower incidence of postoperative complications (excluding infections) such as isolated humeral component loosening; this has led physicians to question whether a humeral stem must be long for shoulder arthroplasty. Long humeral stems are associated with stem-related complications other than humeral component loosening, such as intraoperative or periprosthetic fractures and, in particular, cement-related complications when cemented fixation is used. Moreover, revision surgeries have been known to be cumbersome when long humeral stems are used. Therefore, physicians have become aware of the need for shorter humeral stems for shoulder arthroplasty and subsequently have developed several prostheses with a short-stem humeral component design.
(Sursa: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7726382/)