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russe vers anglais: Метаболизм: структурно-химический и термодинамический анализ General field: Sciences Detailed field: Biologie (-tech, -chim, micro-)
Texte source - russe Настоящая монография не имеет аналогов в мировой биохимической литературе. В ней вводится новый язык (язык химических операторов), который позволяет дать точное описание структурно-химической сущности биоорганических реакций. Приводится способ расчета изменения энергии Гиббса в биохимических процессах всех уровней (от элементарных операций до сложннейших макромолекулярных синтезов). На основании этих расчетов выявлена большая серия термодинамических и биологических закономерностей.
Основную часть монографии составляет детальный анализ всех наиболее известных метаболических путей. Здесь содержатся операторные представления и конкретные оценки энергии Гиббса для многих сотен реакций метаболизма. Одновременно конструируются другие, гипотетически возможные, варианты путей. Все это позволяет выявить и объяснить многочисленные причинно-следственные связи в организации метаболизма.
Книга предназначена для специалистов по биохимии, биофизике, биоорганической химии и может быть использована в преподавании этих дисциплин.
Traduction - anglais This book has no equal in the biochemical literature. It introduces a novel language of chemical transformations, useful in capturing the chemical essence of bio-organic reactions. A methodology and algorithms are proposed for accurate estimation of the Gibbs energy change in biochemical processes at various levels of their complexity -- from elementary reactions to the synthesis of macromolecules. Massive calculations are carried out, leading to new thermodynamical and biological insights.
A major part of this book is dedicated to the detailed analysis of many well-known metabolic pathways comprising multiple hundreds of reactions. Formal descriptions of reactions and pathways, along with the known or estimated values of the Gibbs energy for their individual steps set the framework for important computational experiments, making it possible, for example, to compare the energy costs of known pathways with those of the hypothetical alternatives. Such experiments reveal and help explain numerous important relationships and causalities in the organisation of metabolism.
The book is aimed at professionals in biochemistry, biophysics and cell biology, and it may be instrumental in the teaching of these disciplines.
français vers anglais: Matériaux et Joints d'Étanchéité pour les Hautes Pressions General field: Technique / Génie Detailed field: Ingénierie : industriel
Texte source - français Les mesures sous haute pression hydrostatique sont notoirement sujettes à des aléas divers qui ont pu en rendre l'abord un peu rebutant à certains. Ce peut être la rupture d'éléments mal dimensionnés ou trop sollicités, la décompression brutale due a une fuite dans le système, ou simplement l'apparition d'une "petite" fuite que empêche l'établissement d'une pression stable et donc interdit toute mesure valable sous conditions contrôlées. Les deux premiers peuvent avoir des conséquences lourdes e bruyantes mais sont facilement identifiables et donc réparables, serait-ce au prix d'un redimensionnement du système. Le dernier est plus sournois car les fuite aux joints d'étanchéité se déclarent évidemment aux endroits les plus inaccessibles du système par exemple dans des régions à basse ou haute température que l'on peut difficilement tester avec les détecteurs habituels.
Dans la pratique, il est courant qu'un ensemble expérimental neuf fonctionne parfaitement à la réception, mais présent, après plusieurs utilisations, des fuites "inexplicables" qui ont perdre des jours ou des semaines, voire de mois... Dans tous le cas, bien entendu, la raison doit être identifiée et pour cela il est indispensable que l'utilisateur de laboratoire maîtrise bien le fonctionnement des joints d'étanchéité utilisés dans son montage, même si celui-ci a été fourni par un spécialiste reconnu de la technologie des hautes pressions. C'est pour cette raison que cet ouvrage accorde une place aussi importante aux matériaux qu'aux joints d'étanchéité.
Les gammes de pression no sont pas définies arbitrairement car deux régions doivent être distinguées: au-dessous et au-dessus de 700 MPa. La première région est celle pour laquelle existent des appareillages standard dont les composants sont disponibles dans le commerce tels que vannes, connecteurs, tubes, capteurs, manomètres de précision es générateurs de pression: pompes manuelles, électrique ou pneumatiques. Entre 700 et 1400 MPa, il faut par contre utiliser des dispositifs plus spécialisés. Très peu de composants du commerce permettent une opération régulière dans cette gamme. Par exemple, bien qu'il existe des vannes commercialisées pour une pression d'utilisation de 1,4GPa, leur durée d'utilisation n'excède pas quelques cycles.
Traduction - anglais The measurements under high hydrostatic pressure are notoriously susceptible to various hazards making them appear daunting to some, at least initially. It may be the failure of improperly sized or overloaded components, a violent decompression due to a leak in the system, or simply the onset of a micro-leak that does not allow the system to achieve a stable pressure and therefore prevents any valid measurement, which can only be done under controlled conditions. The first two effects can have serious consequences but they are noisy and easy to identify, and therefore to repair, even if at the cost of re-dimensioning the system. The latter is more insidious because leaks through the seals like to spring up in the most inaccessible corners of the system; for example, in the areas of high or low temperature where they cannot be can easily tested with the commonly used detectors.
In practice, it is common for a new experimental assembly to work perfectly on delivery, but after several use cycles, develop "inexplicable" leaks leading to a loss of days or weeks, even months... In all such cases, of course, the cause needs to be identified, and therefore it is essential that the laboratory worker has a good grasp of the properties and performance of the gasket joints used in his assembly, even if they were obtained from a recognised high-pressure specialist. It is for this reason that this book dedicates as much attention to materials as it does to the construction of the gaskets.
The range of pressures is also important. Two distinct ranges must be recongised: below and above 700 MPa, and this distinction is far from arbitrary. For the pressures below 700 MPa, there exists standard equipment built with components that are commercially available, such as valves, connectors, tubing, sensors, precision pressure gauges and pressure sources: manual, electric or pneumatic pumps. By contrast, between 700 and 1400 MPa, one has to use more specialized devices. Very few commercially available components can withstand regular and repeated use in this pressur range. For example, although there are valves on the market with an advertised working pressure of 1.4 GPa, their useful lifetime does not exceed a few cycles.
français vers anglais: Logiciel: Publication du projet Hachoir en version 1.0 General field: Technique / Génie Detailed field: Ordinateurs : logiciels
Texte source - français
Après un an et demi de développement, le projet Hachoir a abouti à une version 1.0 grâce à l'effort commun d'une trentaine de contributeurs. Ce projet est constitué d'une base de connaissance des 70 formats de fichiers les plus courants et d'une suite d'outils exploitant ces informations.
Hachoir est tolérant aux erreurs, ce qui permet de traiter des fichiers corrompus et/ou tronqués ; il est rapide parce qu'il ne lit que les informations nécessaires. Il est donc possible d'identifier le codec correspondant à un fichier vidéo dès que les premiers kilo-octets ont été téléchargés, ou d'accéder aux données stockées dans un fichier plus gros que la mémoire. Un cas d'utilisation est l'extraction des fichiers d'une archive (gzip, bz2, etc.) tronquée quand les outils standards refusent de la traiter.
De nombreux composants sont disponibles, notamment hachoir-metadata, dédié à l'extraction des méta-données (nom de l'auteur, durée d'une musique, taux de compression d'une image, etc) et servant d'alternative au programme file pour identifier le type d'un fichier; et hachoir-subfile, dédié à la récupération de fichiers depuis une partition disque corrompue ou une image de la mémoire.
Traduction - anglais
After a year and a half of development, thanks to a communal effort by some thirty contributions, the Hachoir project has arrived at version 1.0. This project includes a knowledge base of 70 most common file formats and a set of exploration tools based on this knowledge.
Hachoir ("The Mincer") is tolerant to format errors, which allows it to deal with corrupt or truncated files; it is fast because it does not spend time reading unnecessary data. That makes it possible, for example, to identify the codec in the first few kilobytes of a video stream, or to access the data stored in a file whose size exceeds the available RAM. One of the possible uses is the recovery of files from truncated archives (gzip, bzip2, etc.) which are typically rejected by the standard tools.
Many specialised tools are distributed with Hachoir, including hachoir-metadata, wich can extract metadata from media files (name of the author, duration of the record, image compression ratio, etc.), providing an enhanced alternative to the unix file utility, and hachoir-subfile, for the recovery of files from broken disk pratitions or from memory dumps.
espagnol vers anglais: Nuevo Servicio de Bicicletas en Torrelavega General field: Autre Detailed field: Gouvernement / politique
Texte source - espagnol Con la asistencia del consejero de Industria y Desarrollo Tecnológico, Juan José Sota, y de la alcaldesa de Torrelavega, Blanca Rosa Gómez Morante, hoy se ha puesto en funcionamiento el nuevo servicio de préstamo de bicicletas del municipio, que podrá ser empleado tanto para desplazamientos dentro de la ciudad como para su conexión con otras cuatro localidades limítrofes que ya poseen dicho servicio: Cartes, Santiago de Cartes, Puente San Miguel y Santillana del Mar.
Al acto han asistido también los alcaldes de los tres municipios vecinos: Saturnino Castanedo, de Cartes; Isidoro Rábago, de Santillana del Mar, y Germán Fernández, de Reocín, así como el director general de Industria, Marcos Verruga, y Raúl Pelayo, de GENERCAN.
Sota ha señalado como objetivo de la Consejería promocionar medios de transporte ecológicos y la "idoneidad" de Torrelavega para implantar este servicio, por tratarse de una ciudad "más llana" en comparación con Santander.
Por su parte, Gómez Morante ha recordado que el préstamo de bicicletas se podrá realizar entre las ocho de la mañana y las nueve de la noche, en turnos de dos horas de duración.
Esta medida de "movilidad sostenible", que interconecta a estos municipios y encaminada al ahorro y la eficiencia energética como transporte alternativo en pequeños desplazamientos, que en la actualidad se realizan con vehículos de motor, se basa en el convenio de colaboración entre la Consejería de Industria y Desarrollo Tecnológico del Gobierno de Cantabria, a través de la Sociedad de Gestión Energética de Cantabria (GENERCAN), y el Ayuntamiento de Torrelavega.
El servicio, de carácter gratuito, en su fase inicial, permanecerá en funcionamiento hasta el próximo 31 de diciembre del actual año en curso, aunque es voluntad del Ayuntamiento que su implantación sea permanente.
La inversión del Gobierno regional ha sido de 170.000 euros. Una de las peculiaridades de este sistema es que el préstamo de la bicicleta se hará de forma automática mediante una tarjeta de usuario de identificación por radiofrecuencia (RFID), por lo que una vez activada ésta, en las dependencias municipales, el usuario será totalmente independiente para la recogida y devolución de la bicicleta en cualquiera de los 4 puestos destinados para tal efecto en la ciudad: Bulevar del Ayuntamiento de Torrelavega, los pabellones La Habana Vieja y Vicente Trueba, y Piscina Municipal de Torrelavega (La Lechera), además de los 4 puestos de la Mancomunidad de Municipios Altamira-Los Valles antes mencionados.
Los puntos de entrega y recogida integrarán los sistemas automáticos de anclaje de las bicis, así como los sistemas de conexión a la red de control, información al usuario, videovigilancia y gestión de usuarios.
El usuario deberá cumplimentar el formulario de inscripción y se le dará de alta en el sistema asociado a una tarjeta que le será entregada y con validez para un año. Una vez en el punto de entrega, se identificará en la columna informatizada con la tarjeta RFID que posee, el sistema reconocerá al usuario y a continuación seleccionará sobre la pantalla táctil la bicicleta que desea llevarse de entre las disponibles, liberándose ésta automáticamente.
Traduction - anglais The opening ceremony for a new municipal bycicle service took place today in the presence of the Minister of Industry and Technological Development Juan José Sota and the mayor of Torrelavega Blanca Rosa Gómez Morante. The bycicles can be used both to travel within the city and to make trips to the four neighbouring towns of Cartes, Santiago de Cartes, Puente San Miguel and Santillana del Mar, all of which already have such services in place.
Also present at the ceremony were the mayors of the three neigboring municipalities: Saturnino Castanedo of Cartes, Isidoro Rábago of Santillana del Mar and Germán Fernández of Reocín, as well as the Director General of the Industry Marcos Verruga and Raúl Pelayo of GENERCAN.
Mr. Sota announced the Ministry's intent to promote the ecologically friendly means of transport and remarked on the "suitability" of Torrelavega for the development of the bicycle service, on account of its greater "flatness" in comparison to Santander.
On her part, Mrs. Gómez Morante mentioned that the bicycles can be rented between eight o'clock in the morning and nine at night, in two-hour periods.
This means of "sustainable transportation" interconnecting several Cantabrian municipalities and aimed at savings and energy efficiency as an alternative to motorized transportaion in the local commute is the result of the collaboration agreement between the Government of Cantabria and the Ministry of Industry and Technological Development, and it is run by the Energy Management Company of Cantabria (GENERCAN) and the the Town Council of Torrelavega.
The service, which will be provided free of charge during its ititial phase, will remain in operation until December 31 of this year. It may be given a permanent status at the discretion of the City Council.
The regional government's investment in the project was 170,000 euros. An interesting feature of the system is its use of the radio-frequency ID (RFID) card to automate the bycicle loans. As soon as the card is activated by any of the municipal offices or by an agent, the user will be able to collect and return the bycicle at any of the for locations in the city designated for that purpose: Boulevard of the Council of Torrelavega, the sports halls of La Habana Vieja and Vicente Trueba, and the Municipal Pool of Torreavega (La Lechera), in addition to the four locations already mentioned within the Municipal Union of Altamira-Los Valles.
The pick-up and collection points integrate the automatic systems for bike docking into a control network that interacts with the user, provides him with information and performs video surveillance.
The user must complete and submit the registration form. An RFID card valid for one year will be delivered to him. Once the user arrives at a pick-up point and identifies himself at an automated information stand using his card, the system will offer him to choose one of the available bikes using a touch screen. The chosen bike will be automatically unlocked.
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Master's degree - Moscow Engineering and Physics Institute / Tech Writing / English
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Années d'expérience en traduction : 39. Inscrit à ProZ.com : Jun 2010.
I am a vagabond engineer/scientist, presently on a hiatus due to a gap in funding. I study life in all its forms and build instruments or algorithms to support such studies. I find so many things interesting that I have never been able to commit to a single one.
At the moment, I work in mass-spec proteomics, but I will not pass a job offer in geological survey or in ligustiscs, if it sounds like fun.
I have studied Romance and Germanic languages all my life -- not by any sort of affectation, but simply because I could not help it (I am a compulsive reader). I still have a pretty good command of my native Russian, but it is one-way only. I have not written a word in Russian since before computers became personal, so today I can read, listen and talk, but not write.
My first ever paid job was in translation. I translated research publications from German, English and French, and helped Russian scientists publish their work in English. Since then, whenever a job I was involved with resulted in a publication, I worked as a writer or editor. Here is a recent sample of my writing.
I am a bit of a perfectionist and tend to work slowly, striving for the best outcome. If you entrust your text to my interpretation, not only will I preserve the information in it, but with a high probability, it will gain in clarity and style.
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