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Sample translations submitted: 1
Spanish: Early cleft management: In search of evidence General field: Science Detailed field: Zoology
Source text - Spanish All regions of the state have warmed significantly in the past 100 years (Supplementary Fig. S10). Northern species, however, were less likely to be declining in cooler, higher-altitude regions, but were strongly declining in warmer, lower-altitude regions (Fig.2). Higher regions probably still contain cooler microclimates, which could allow cold-adapted species to increase their altitude and remain in an appropriate climate envelope14–16.
Furthermore, we identified species that had recently expanded their ranges by comparing our species list with the Massachusetts Butterfly Atlas (MBA; ref.17), compiled between 1986 and 1990. Of the 100 estimated population trajectories, 14 were from species that were very rare or not reported in the atlas (four or fewer reports). Of these, 12 have southerly ranges, one has a northerly range and one is near its range core. The species with a northerly range was the only one in decline, whereas the 12 with southerly ranges were all increasing. Many of these growing populations are new to the state and represent invasions from the south (Fig.1). Declining northern species are being replaced by warm temperate and subtropical species such as the giant swallowtail (Papilio cresphontes) and zabulon skipper (Poanes zabulon)18. Permutation tests indicate that this pattern of increase by historically (1980s) rare southern species highly significant (p = 0.0003).
In contrast to climate change, butterfly population trends did not seem to be systematically related to habitat or landscape change. We found no evidence (p > 0.1) that host-plant rarity, degree of host plant or habitat specialization, or the kinds of habitat preferred, had any relationship to the pattern of decline (see Supplementary Figs S6 and S7), suggesting that climate and not habitat alteration is driving broad patterns of community change. Landscape changes and habitat destruction have probably affected some species, but it is difficult to attribute the community-wide pattern of decline in cold-adapted species.
Translation - Spanish En los últimos 100 años todas las regiones del estado se han calentado (Figura complementaria. S10). Las especies del norte tienen mayor probabilidad de decaer en regiones con bajas altitudes y un clima cálido (Fig. 2). Sin embargo, estas son las menos probables de decaer por el frío de las regiones con grandes altitudes. Es posible que estas aún contengan microclimas fríos, lo que permitiría a las especies adaptadas a este clima incrementar su altura y continuar en un ambiente propiamente desarrollado14–16.
Además, hemos identificado mariposas que se han expandido al comparar nuestra lista de especies con el Massachusetts Butterfly Atlas (MBA; ref.17), compilado entre 1986 y 1990. De las 100 trayectorias de población estimadas, 14 fueron de especies muy raras o no reportadas (cuatro o menos). De estas, 12 tienen distribución al sur, una al norte y otra tiene una distribución cercana al centro. Las especies distribuidas al norte fueron las únicas en declive, mientras que las 12 provenientes del sur fueron en aumento. Muchas de estas poblaciones son nuevas en la región y representan una invasión proveniente del sur (Fig. 1). Las especies en declive del norte están siendo reemplazadas por especies subtropicales de climas cálidos y templados, como la Cometa Gigante (Papilio cresphontes) y la Saltarina Mostaza (Poanes zabulon) 18. Las pruebas de muestreo indican que este aumento del patrón por especies históricas raras del sur (1980s) es muy significativo (p = 0.0003).
En contraste al cambio climático, las tendencias de la población de mariposas no parecen estar sistemáticamente relacionadas al hábitat o el paisaje. No encontramos evidencia (p>0.1) que la rareza de la planta huésped; su grado de especialización; el grado de especialización del hábitat o el tipo de hábitat de preferencia tengan alguna relación con el declive del patrón (ver imágenes complementarias S6 y S7), lo que sugiere que es el clima y no la alteración del hábitat lo que está impulsando varios cambios en los patrones de las comunidades. Es probable que los cambios del paisaje y la destrucción del entorno hayan afectado algunas especies, pero es difícil atribuir el declive de las mariposas adaptadas al frío a toda una comunidad.
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Graduate diploma - Universidad de Tarapacá
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Years of experience: 4. Registered at ProZ.com: Aug 2022.
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